![]() ![]() ![]() Two environments are stitched together by two simple systems – a curved steel channel structure and a network of nylon ropes. Passing through this garden, one will experience several conditions: the transition of the ground between forest floor and un-mown field, the physical threshold between horizontal and vertical ecotones, and the moment where the edge becomes the center. ![]() Our garden is designed to heighten the notion that simultaneous access to more than one habitat creates richness. Edge Effect places a circle of steel between forest and field to create a series of variable experiences related to being on the edge. Our online platform, Wiley Online Library () is one of the world’s most extensive multidisciplinary collections of online resources, covering life, health, social and physical sciences, and humanities.Within the narrow threshold between boreal forest and field exists an environmental condition that enables a particular set of species to colonize, thriving on the effect of two contrasting environments side by side. With a growing open access offering, Wiley is committed to the widest possible dissemination of and access to the content we publish and supports all sustainable models of access. Wiley has partnerships with many of the world’s leading societies and publishes over 1,500 peer-reviewed journals and 1,500+ new books annually in print and online, as well as databases, major reference works and laboratory protocols in STMS subjects. Wiley has published the works of more than 450 Nobel laureates in all categories: Literature, Economics, Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, and Peace. has been a valued source of information and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our core businesses produce scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, reference works, books, database services, and advertising professional books, subscription products, certification and training services and online applications and education content and services including integrated online teaching and learning resources for undergraduate and graduate students and lifelong learners. Wiley is a global provider of content and content-enabled workflow solutions in areas of scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly research professional development and education. This could change drastically, however, as the ongoing climate warming might cancel this competitive advantage of black spruce. The climate-related northward decrease in reproductive potential of balsam fir and white spruce could partly explain the position of the northern limit of the mixedwood forest. The sum of growing degree-days and the maximum temperature of the warmest month (both for the year prior to cone production) significantly affected balsam fir cone production. Black spruce produced more filled seeds in the coniferous forest than balsam fir or white spruce. The number of seeds per cone was more related to cone size than to forest type for all species. Mast years were more frequent for black spruce than for balsam fir in both forest types (mast year data not available for white spruce). Balsam fir and white spruce cone crops were significantly lower in the coniferous than in the mixedwood forest, while black spruce had greater crop constancy and regularity between both forest types. Cone crop, number of seeds per cone, percentage filled seeds, and percentage germination were measured for each species. Four sites were selected along a latitudinal gradient crossing the ecotone. ![]() The reproductive potentials of balsam fir and white spruce (co-dominants in mixedwood forests) and black spruce (dominant in coniferous forests) were studied to explain the location of the ecotone between the two forest types in the boreal zone of Quebec. ![]()
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